Oceanologia No. 40 (4) / 98


Contents


Papers

Communications


Papers



Radiation flux balance of the sea-atmosphere system over the southern Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (4), pp. 277-306

Sławomir Kaczmarek, Jerzy Dera
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; kaczmar@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Solar radiation, Sea surface radiation, Radiation flux balance, Southern Baltic

Manuscript received September 28, 1998, in final form November 9, 1998.
Abstract
Developed at IO PAS, Sopot, and first presented at the BALTEX Study Conference in Visby (Dera et al., 1995), the improved radiation transfer model was applied to determine the following radiation fluxes in the southern Baltic region: the flux entering the Earth's atmosphere Q1, the sum of fluxes absorbed Q2 and scattered upwards (reflected) in the atmosphere Q2´ , the direct solar ray flux reaching the sea surface Q3, the diffuse solar flux (scattered downwards in the atmosphere) reaching the sea surface Q4, the total solar flux reaching the sea surface Q5, the total flux reflected by the sea surface Q6, the total flux entering the water column Q7, the flux scattered upwards by the water body and leaving the sea surface Q8, the flux absorbed in the water column Q9, that absorbed by the water itself Q10, that absorbed by admixtures other than phytoplankton pigments Q11, and that absorbed by phytoplankton pigments Q12, the photosynthetically stored radiation flux Q13 and the effective infrared radiation flux at the sea surface Q14.
The model has been developed for the application of satellite images as the main source of input data. However, since the relevant satellite data are not yet available, a long-term meteorological and bio-optical standard database has been used in the computations. The mean monthly fluxes and their balances for the southern Baltic region, divided into 20 sub-regions, have been obtained for each month of the year.
full, complete article (PDF)


Solar radiation fluxes at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 1. Mean annual cycle and influencing factors
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 307-330

Anna Rozwadowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; ania@iopan.gda.pl

Hans-Jörg Isemer
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, GKSS-Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany

Keywords: Solar radiation flux, Baltic Proper, Semi-empirical model, COADS data set
Manuscript received September 8, 1998, in final form October 27, 1998.
Abstract
Meteorological observations made on board Voluntary Observing Ships in the period 1980-1992 are used to estimate the climatological characteristics of the solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper. A semi-empirical model developed for the Baltic region is used. Monthly and annual means of solar radiation fluxes reaching the sea surface, averaged over the northern, southern and western parts of the Baltic Proper are calculated. Seasonal and interannual variability of the fluxes as well as the impact of both meteorological and astronomical factors on the monthly and annual means of the fluxes are also analysed. The annual mean irradiance for the entire Baltic Proper is estimated at 117 (± 4) W m-2. The long-term monthly means for this area vary from 12 (±> 4) W m-2 in December to 241 (±> 21) W m-2 in June.
full, complete article (PDF)


Photosynthetic rate and light curves of phytoplankton in the southern Baltic
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 331-344

Henryk Renk, Stanisław Ochocki
Sea Fisheries Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland; sochocki@miryb.gdynia.pl

Keywords: Southern Baltic, Photosynthetic rate, Assimilation number, Photosynthetic light curves

Manuscript received September 18, 1998, in final form October 29, 1998.
Abstract
The paper presents photosynthetic curves for the phytoplankton population at three stations located in the Polish Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea, i.e. in the Gdańsk and Bornholm Deeps and in the southern part of the Gotland Deep. Studies were carried out in 1995-1998. Assimilation numbers varied from 1.59 to 6.81 mgC mgChl-1 h-1, the average value being 3.31 mgC mgChl-1 h-1. Irradiation of photosynthesis saturation ranged from 216 to 673 kJ m-2 h-1. The seasonal variations in assimilation number and its dependence on water temperature are described.
full, complete article (PDF)


Size distributions of Scenedesmus obliquus cells: experimental results from optical microscopy and their approximations using the φ-normal distribution
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 345-353

Barbara Pawlak, Józef Kopeć
Marine Physics Department, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland; pawlak@sus.univ.szczecin.pl

Keywords: φ-normal distribution, Algal cells

Manuscript received December 18, 1998, in final form December 31, 1998.
Abstract
3400 measurements of algal cell size using the microscopic technique are discussed. The algal population is observed to evolve. The size distribution is well approximated by the φ-normal distribution. There is variability in the form of the size distribution.
full, complete article (PDF)


An algorithm for calculating the concentration of phytoplankton in a stratified sea with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton. Part 1. P-V-Z-D model
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 355-370

Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Andrzej Zieliński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-12 Sopot, Poland; dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus

Manuscript received July 7, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
Abstract
This paper presents a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus biological model with a fully-developed regeneration mechanism with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton. The P-V-Z-D model consists of two partial differential equations of the diffusion type for the concentration of nutrients and phytoplankton, and two ordinary differential equations for the concentration of zooplankton and the benthic detritus pool, together with initial and boundary conditions.
full, complete article (PDF)


An algorithm for calculating the concentration of phytoplankton in a stratified sea with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton. Part 2. Numerical simulation
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 371-398

Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Andrzej Zieliński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus

Manuscript received July 10, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
Abstract
The numerical studies were carried out using a (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus) biological model with a well-developed regeneration block. This paper presents the time-dependent vertical distributions of biological characteristics (concentrations nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton and benthic detritus pool) on the assumption that the horizontal distribution of these parameters is uniform. The calculations were made in an area 0 ≤ z ≤ 20 m with a vertical scale step of 10 cm and a time scale step of 15 min. The experimental data, gathered during the PEX A'86 international scientific experiment of the Baltic states, and those by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, were used as the input data for the calculations.
full, complete article (PDF)

Communications



Coastal and inland cyanobacterial blooms (blue-green algae) — hazards to human and animal health
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 399-403

Marcin Pliński
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdańsk, Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; ocemp@univ.gda.pl

Geoffrey A. Codd
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK

Keywords: Toxic cyanobacteria, Collection and treatment, Toxin properties

Manuscript received July 29, 1998, in final form October 14, 1998.
Abstract
The aim of this communication is to increase the awareness about the hazards presented to animal and human health by cyanobacterial toxins, signs of poisoning by the toxins, samples to be taken for analysis and of sources of information on therapy. Heightened awareness is advocated in view of the increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and scums in Polish waters and of reports of animal intoxications attributed to cyanobacterial toxins in neighbouring and other countries around the Baltic Sea.
full, complete article (PDF)