-normal distribution:
Barbara Pawlak, Jozef Kopec
-normal distribution:
Barbara Pawlak, Jozef Kopec
Slawomir Kaczmarek, Jerzy Dera
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81–712 Sopot,
Poland; kaczmar@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Solar radiation, Sea surface radiation, Radiation flux balance, Southern Baltic
Manuscript received September 28, 1998, in final form November 9, 1998. Developed at IO PAS, Sopot, and first presented at the BALTEX Study Conference
in Visby (Dera et al., 1995), the improved radiation transfer model was
applied to determine the following radiation fluxes in the southern Baltic region:
the flux entering the Earth's atmosphere Q1, the sum of fluxes
absorbed Q2 and scattered upwards (reflected) in the atmosphere
Q2´ , the direct solar ray flux reaching the sea surface Q3,
the diffuse solar flux (scattered downwards in the atmosphere) reaching the
sea surface Q4, the total solar flux reaching the sea surface
Q5, the total flux reflected by the sea surface Q6,
the total flux entering the water column Q7, the flux scattered
upwards by the water body and leaving the sea surface Q8,
the flux absorbed in the water column Q9, that absorbed by
the water itself Q10, that absorbed by admixtures other than
phytoplankton pigments Q11, and that absorbed by phytoplankton
pigments Q12, the photosynthetically stored radiation flux
Q13 and the effective infrared radiation flux at the sea surface
Q14.
The model has been developed for the application of satellite images as the
main source of input data. However, since the relevant satellite data are not
yet available, a long-term meteorological and bio-optical standard database
has been used in the computations. The mean monthly fluxes and their balances
for the southern Baltic region, divided into 20 sub-regions, have been obtained
for each month of the year.
Solar radiation fluxes
at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 1. Mean annual cycle and influencing
factors
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 307–330
Anna Rozwadowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81–712 Sopot, Poland;
ania@iopan.gda.pl
Hans-Jörg Isemer
Institute for
Atmospheric Physics, GKSS-Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany
Keywords: Solar radiation flux, Baltic Proper, Semi-empirical model, COADS data set
Manuscript received September 8, 1998, in final form October 27, 1998.
Meteorological observations made on board Voluntary Observing Ships in the
period 1980-1992 are used to estimate the climatological characteristics of
the solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper. A semi-empirical
model developed for the Baltic region is used. Monthly and annual means of solar
radiation fluxes reaching the sea surface, averaged over the northern, southern
and western parts of the Baltic Proper are calculated. Seasonal and interannual
variability of the fluxes as well as the impact of both meteorological and astronomical
factors on the monthly and annual means of the fluxes are also analysed. The
annual mean irradiance for the entire Baltic Proper is estimated at 117 (
4)
W m-2. The long-term monthly means for this area vary from 12 ( 4)
W m-2 in December to 241 ( 21)
W m-2 in June.
Henryk Renk, Stanislaw Ochocki
Sea Fisheries Institute,
Kollataja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland; sochocki@miryb.gdynia.pl
Keywords: Southern Baltic, Photosynthetic rate, Assimilation number, Photosynthetic light curves
Manuscript received September 18, 1998, in final form October 29, 1998.
The paper presents photosynthetic curves for the phytoplankton population at three stations located in the Polish Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea, i.e. in the Gdansk and Bornholm Deeps and in the southern part of the Gotland Deep. Studies were carried out in 1995-1998. Assimilation numbers varied from 1.59 to 6.81 mgC mgChl-1 h-1, the average value being 3.31 mgC mgChl-1 h-1. Irradiation of photosynthesis saturation ranged from 216 to 673 kJ m-2 h-1. The seasonal variations in assimilation number and its dependence on water temperature are described.
-normal distribution
Barbara Pawlak, Jozef Kopec
Marine Physics
Department, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70–451 Szczecin, Poland;
pawlak@sus.univ.szczecin.pl
Keywords: -normal distribution, Algal cells
Manuscript received December 18, 1998, in final form December 31, 1998.
3400 measurements of algal cell size using the microscopic
technique are discussed. The algal population is observed to evolve.
The size distribution is well approximated by the -normal
distribution. There is variability in the form of the size distribution.
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Andrzej Zielinski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81–712 Sopot, Poland;
dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus
Manuscript received July 7, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
This paper presents a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus biological model with a fully-developed regeneration mechanism with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton. The P-V-Z-D model consists of two partial differential equations of the diffusion type for the concentration of nutrients and phytoplankton, and two ordinary differential equations for the concentration of zooplankton and the benthic detritus pool, together with initial and boundary conditions.
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Andrzej Zielinski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81–712 Sopot, Poland;
dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus
Manuscript received July 10, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
The numerical studies were carried out using a (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus)
biological model with a well-developed regeneration block. This paper presents
the time-dependent vertical distributions of biological characteristics (concentrations
nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton and benthic detritus pool) on the assumption
that the horizontal distribution of these parameters is uniform. The calculations
were made in an area 0 
z
20 m with a vertical scale step of 10 cm and a time scale step of 15 min. The
experimental data, gathered during the PEX ´86 international scientific
experiment of the Baltic states, and those by the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea, were used as the input data for the calculations.
Marcin Plinski
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdansk,
Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
ocemp@univ.gda.pl
Geoffrey A. Codd
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,
Scotland, UK
Keywords: Toxic cyanobacteria, Collection and treatment, Toxin properties
Manuscript received July 29, 1998, in final form October 14, 1998.
The aim of this communication is to increase the awareness about the hazards presented to animal and human health by cyanobacterial toxins, signs of poisoning by the toxins, samples to be taken for analysis and of sources of information on therapy. Heightened awareness is advocated in view of the increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and scums in Polish waters and of reports of animal intoxications attributed to cyanobacterial toxins in neighbouring and other countries around the Baltic Sea.