Oceanologia No. 38 (4) / 96


Contents


Papers

Dissertations

Chronicle


Papers



Jolanta Kuśmierczyk-Michulec, Miroslaw Darecki
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

The aerosol optical thickness over the Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 423-435

Keywords: Baltic Sea; Aerosol optical thickness; Empirical orthogonal functions; Air temperature; Visible spectrum
Manuscript received June 6, 1996, in final form September 7, 1996.
Abstract
The results of applying empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) to the decomposition and approximation of spectra of the aerosol optical thickness are presented. The aerosol optical thickness is calculated on the basis of the experimental data of the direct and diffuse irradiances collected on cloudless days in 1993 and 1994 over the southern Baltic Sea. The main finding is that the amplitude of aerosol optical thickness in the visible spectrum is dependent on air temperature.
full, complete article (PDF)


Jolanta Kuśmierczyk-Michulec
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

The standard CZCS algorithm: found to be inappropriate for the atmosphere over the Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 437-445

Keywords: Baltic Sea; Aerosol radiance; Water-leaving radiance; Case 1 Waters; Case 2 Waters
Manuscript received August 28, 1996, in final form November 28, 1996.
Abstract
In the standard CZCS atmospheric correction method the aerosol radiance is derived on the assumption that the water-leaving radiance at 670 nm is zero. This assumption, justified for water whose reflectance is determined solely by absorption (Case 1 Waters), gives rise to errors where the reflectance of the water is significantly influenced by scattering (Case 2 Waters), e.g. the Baltic Sea. The values of the aerosol radiance are too high and those of water-leaving radiance too low in comparison with the experimental ones. The relative error for the aerosol radiances (normalised to their values at 670 nm) decreases with wavelength from 60% at 443 nm to 13% at 550 nm.
full, complete article (PDF)


Sławomir B. Woźniak
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Mathematical spectral model of solar irradiance reflectance and transmittance by a wind-ruffled sea surface. Part 1. The physical problem and mathematical apparatus
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 447-467

Keywords: Sea surface reflectance; Sea surface transmittance
Manuscript received September 10, 1996, in final form October 28, 1996.
Abstract
A spectral model of solar irradiance reflectance from and transmittance through a wind-ruffled sea surface is developed in two papers. This, the first paper, discusses the mathematical apparatus of the model. Dependences for sea surface slope distribution (based on Cox and Munk, 1954) and the foam coverage of the sea surface (based on Gordon and Jacobs, 1977), both these distributions having been modified by the author, were used in the modelling. Being direct functions of a dynamic factor, i.e. the mean height of the waves , they take the influence of environmental (hydrometeorological and geometrical) factors into account. The Snell and Fresnel laws were applied to the light transmission through the surface. Polarisation effects were neglected.
full, complete article (PDF)


Tomasz Petelski, Maria Chomka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Marine aerosol fluxes in the coastal zone - BAEX experimental data
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 469-484

Keywords: Aerosol; Flux; Breaker zone
Manuscript received June 26, 1996, in final form September 6, 1996.
Abstract
This paper presents the results of investigations designed to determine the exchange processes between the sea and the air above the coastal zone. The calculations were carried out using experimental data collected by impactor measurements of the marine aerosol above the coastal zone during the Baltic Aerosol Experiment - I and II (BAEX-I, II).
full, complete article (PDF)


Andrzej Jankowski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Vertical water circulation in the southern Baltic and its environmental implications
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 485-503

Keywords: Southern Baltic; Gdańsk and Bornholm Deeps; Vertical water circulation; Environmental consequences
Manuscript received June 21, 1996, in final form August 6, 1996.
Abstract
A simple method of estimating the vertical current vector velocity component w based on the water shear stress vorticity equation is presented and briefly discussed. Spatial distributions of the mean climatic values of w for selected months calculated from the averaged multi-year observations of atmospheric pressure and water density (diagnostic approach) in the southern Baltic Sea are investigated. The results show the existence of `permanent' (during the year) zones of upwelling and downwelling in the region of the Baltic Deeps related to the clockwise and anticlockwise gyres observed on the charts of calculated horizontal currents. These characteristic features of the horizontal and vertical water movements in the region of the Gdańsk and Bornholm Deeps may be important for the ecological, biological and geological understanding of the region as well as in the context of the pollution problem, especially during stagnation periods.
full, complete article (PDF)


Kurt Frischmuth
Department of Mathematics, Rostock University, Rostock

Andrzej Jankowski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Estimation of the period of free oscillations (seiches) in the Kirrbucht
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 505-528

Keywords: Kirrbucht; Seiches; Numerical modelling
Manuscript received July 15, 1996, in final form September 18, 1996.
Abstract
An attempt was made to estimate the periods of the main seiches in the Kirrbucht, a shallow water basin with an irregular coastline. A quasi-linear hydrodynamic-numerical model of the storm surges (wind-driven circulation) in a shallow density-homogeneous basin was used. The results of calculations of sea level oscillations generated in the basin in response to a temporally and spatially constant wind field (stress) were treated as a time series in order that the seiche periods could be calculated. The standard discrete Fourier transformation was applied to estimate amplitude spectra. The periods of the three significant modes were found to be equal to 3.21 min, 4.94 min and 6.59 min. The latter two are probably fundamental ones: they are the transverse and longitudinal modes respectively. The influence of non-linear terms and lateral fricton on the seiche periods is also discussed.
full, complete article (PDF)


Andrzej Wroblewski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Seasonal forcing of Baltic water volumes by the meteorological fields over the basin from 1896 to 1970
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 529-541

Keywords: Baltic Sea level; Atmospheric pressure; Seasonal oscillations
Manuscript received June 28, 1996, in final form September 6, 1996.
Abstract
This paper discusses the seasonal oscillations of the meteorological fields influencing the seasonal changes in the Baltic water balance. Mean monthly atmospheric pressure data (1896-1970) from eight stations located around the Baltic were taken to be the basis for the computations. Six horizontal components of the atmospheric pressure gradients were selected for use in the subsequent computations. The mean monthly water volumes in the Baltic were computed by the method presented by the author in an earlier publication (Wroblewski, 1992a). In the next step, the selected horizontal components of atmospheric pressure gradients were expanded into EOFs. The first three amplitude expansion functions of the wind field had more significant coherences with changes in the Baltic water volumes than the corresponding EOF functions of the atmospheric pressure field. The spectral and statistical analysis of these functions and gradients was computed in order to detect their periodic structure and statistical characteristics. The multiple input stochastic dynamic system was used in the analysis. The most important result is the demonstration that the solar annual period is distinct in the wind-field components influencing the sea's seasonal dynamics. The solar semi-annual period is not well marked. The mean atmospheric pressure over the Baltic has a weak seasonal structure and practically does not force the water volume changes.
full, complete article (PDF)


Waldemar Surosz
Institute of Oceanography, Gdańsk University, Gdynia

Alicja Kosakowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Effects of siderophores and amino acids on the growth and photosynthesis of populations of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck and Anabaena variabilis Kutzing
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 543-552

Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris; Anabaena variabilis ; Siderophores; Amino acids; Chlorophyll a; Photosynthesis
Manuscript received June 28, 1996, in final form September 16, 1996.
Abstract
The object of this paper was to determine whether the presence of the amino acids and siderophores tested is important to the growth and photosynthesis of phytoplanktonic cells cultivated under iron deficiency conditions, and can thus shed light on the function of two groups of natural chelating agents in the aquatic environment. The results obtained indicate that the siderophoric substances and amino acids can modify physiological processes in populations of cells of cyanobacteria and green algae.
full, complete article (PDF)

Dissertations



Joanna Kozuch
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

The effect of selected properties of humic acids on cadmium uptake in the mollusc Mytilus trossulus (review by A. Szaniawska)
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 553-554

Ph. D. thesis in biological oceanography supervised by Associate Professor Janusz Pempkowiak.
full, complete article (PDF)

Chronicle



Jerzy Dera
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Professor Czesław Druet - on the occasion of his 70th birthday
Oceanologia 1996, no. 38 (4), pp. 555-558
full, complete article (PDF)

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