Science and Technology Corporation, Hampton, VA, U.S.A.; sgathman@email.msn.com
Keywords: marine aerosol, infrared, propagation, surf, open-ocean, EOPACE
Manuscript received 13 September 1999, reviewed 6 October 1999, accepted 12 October 1999.Abstract
In the modern world, where infrared systems are operated by the world's navies, it is important to understand the effect that large marine aerosols have on the propagation of these signals. This article reviews some of the work that has taken place to describe these aerosols and their scattering and absorption of infrared wavelength radiation. The paper describes those aerosols found in the marine environment which are produced by the whitewater phenomenon over the ocean, such as jet drops from breaking air bubbles at the sea surface and the shearing away of large droplets from cresting waves. These processes are the result of cresting of ocean waves and the breaking of swell and waves on the shore and are referred to as `open ocean phenomena' and `coastal processes'. The paper also presents some of the early results of the United States coastal aerosol research project, EOPACE (Electro Optics Propagation Assessment in the Coastal Environment).
Papers
The occurrence of the Chandler effect in the Baltic Sea and in the atmosphere of the adjacent region
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 515-536
Andrzej Wroblewski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
wroblew.iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: atmospheric fields, sea level, pole tide, seasonal oscillations, North Sea, Baltic
Manuscript received 2 July 1999, reviewed 15 September 1999, accepted 22 September 1999.
Abstract
The Chandler effect (CE) has been shown to occur in the atmospheric pressure and geostrophic wind fields over the North and Baltic Seas and contiguous parts of Europe. The atmospheric pressure grid over the area bounded by 50oN-65oN and 0oE-30oE covers atmospheric fields that directly, or indirectly - via the North Sea - affect the variability of sea levels in the Baltic. The variances, amplitudes, phases and the 50% significance isolines of the CE atmospheric field oscillations under investigation and the first EOF of these fields were computed. Their characteristics were compared with an annual and a half-yearly period. Similar characteristics were computed for sea levels. The occurrence of CE is discussed in brief with respect to the North Sea, at six stations typifying the variability of the Baltic Sea level, and for the mean sea level in the Baltic basin. These oscillations in the Baltic Sea level are shown to have varied over a period of many decades. The amplitudes are compared with the oscillations under equilibrium conditions. It has been demonstrated that to a considerable extent, CE in the North Sea and in the zonal circulation force this phenomenon in the Baltic, and that internal forcing is of secondary importance. The wobbles of the Earth's axis of rotation are briefly characterised for the period under scrutiny. The basic computations were performed on the basis of data obtained between 1901 and 1980, i.e. reliable series of sea level readings, atmospheric data and variability in polar position.
Some results of research on internal waves in the Stolpe Sill area Nikolai N. Golenko
Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Jan Piechura, Waldemar Walczowski Keywords: internal waves, water mixing, sills, bottom topography effects, deep currents
Manuscript received 18 February 1999, reviewed 6 April 1999, accepted 9 June 1999. Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope
of the Stolpe Sill in October 1998 were analysed to identify the
processes responsible for the transport of dense, near-bottom water
from the Bornholm Deep into the Stolpe Channel. Westward transport in
the deep layer was opposed to the wind direction. The longitudinal
current component was considerably smaller than the latitudinal one.
Long waves (with periods T > 10 h) and short-period oscillations
(T < 2 h) were recorded in the form of wave trains. The rotary-component
spectral method revealed a dominant internal wave with a period close
to the local inertial period (T = 14.6 h). High-frequency current
fluctuations (time scales 2-30 min) were regarded as a quasi-horizontal
turbulence caused by interaction between the long waves and the complicated
bottom topography.
Elzbieta Lysiak-Pastuszak Jerzy Cyberski Keywords: periodic variations, long-term changes, physico-chemical parameters, Baltic Sea
Manuscript received 19 February 1999, reviewed 17 May 1999, accepted 1 June 1999. Long-term trends in the variations of physical and chemical parameters characterising seawater were analysed by a method,
originally used in climatology, allowing detection of optimal cycles of these variations in incomplete (intermittent) data
time series.
Alicja Kosakowska Gotfryd Kupryszewski, Piotr Mucha, Piotr Rekowski Jolanta Lewandowska, Ksenia Pazdro Keywords: siderophores, ferrioxamines, rhodotorulic acid, seawater, sediment pore water, Baltic Sea, capillary electrophoresis
Manuscript received 20 April 1999, reviewed 24 May 1999, accepted 15 June 1999.
Extracts from seawater and sediment pore water
samples were characterised by capillary electrophoresis (CE).
Siderophores of the ferrioxamine family were identified.
Ferrioxamine E is the dominant siderophore in both seawater and
sediment pore water samples from different regions of the
Baltic Sea. Ferrioxamine G was identified in subsurface
seawater samples from the Gdansk Deep. Rhodotorulic acid was
also identified in seawater samples from the euphotic zone (0-30 m)
of Puck Bay and in sediment pore water from Puck Bay and
the Bornholm Deep. Ferrioxamine B was not found. The presence
of catechol siderophores was not investigated.
Modified relationships between the occurrence of photoprotecting carotenoids of phytoplankton and Potentially Destructive Radiation in the sea
Roman Majchrowski
Miroslawa Ostrowska
Keywords: photoprotecting carotenoids, potentially destructive radiation, phytoplankton absorption
Manuscript received 12 May 1999, reviewed 5 July 1999, accepted 8 July 1999.
The paper analyses the statistical relationships between photoprotecting pigment concentrations (principally selected
groups of carotenoids), chlorophyll a concentrations and absolute values of the natural irradiance in the sea. The data
from 404 sites in various regions (the authors' own investigations and data available on the Internet - about 3000
data sets altogether) were examined. This analysis confirms the close relationships between the occurrence of photoprotecting
pigments and irradiance at short waves in the PAR range (
Violetta Drozdowska, Piotr Kowalczuk
Keywords: yellow substance absorption, lidar, fluorescence, Baltic Sea
Manuscript received 25 May 1999, reviewed 1 July 1999, accepted 7 July 1999.
The presence of yellow substances in seawaters was measured by the standard spectrophotometric
( in vitro) and the lidar-induced fluorescence ( in vivo) methods along a transect across the Pomeranian Bay
towards the River Odra mouth, a local source of yellow substances. The experiment aimed to ascertain whether the
fluorescent lidar method could be applied to yellow substance detection and whether there were any
relationships and similarities in the absorption and fluorescence intensity values and their changes.
The occurrence of Balanus improvisus Darwin on Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret and other bivalves in the Polish zone of the Baltic
Anna Olszewska
Keywords: Balanus improvisus, epizoite, Bivalves, Southern Baltic
Manuscript received 14 April 1999, reviewed 24 May 1999, accepted 14 June 1999.
Balanus improvisus Darwin has been found to occur on the
shells of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret near Redlowo.
This is the first report of such an observation from the Baltic Sea.
The occurrence of Balanus improvisus Darwin (Cirripedia) on Fucus vesiculosus L. in the southern Baltic
Anna Olszewska
Keywords: Balanus improvisus, epibiont, Fucus vesiculosus, Southern Baltic
Manuscript received 14 April 1999, reviewed 24 May 1999, accepted 14 June 1999.
The presence of the barnacle (Balanus improvisus) on bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) is reported for the first time from the Polish zone of the Baltic Sea.
Miroslaw Darecki
Ph. D. thesis in marine physics supervised by Associate Professor Jerzy Olszewski.
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 537-551
Atlantic Branch, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira 1, Kaliningrad 23600, Russia;
ioran@gazinter.ne
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
abesz@iopan.gda.pl
Abstract
Analysis of long-term variations in physico-chemical parameters of
seawater in the southern Baltic Sea; an approach to incomplete data series
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 553-572
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Maritime Branch, al. Waszyngtona 42, 81-342 Gdynia, Poland;
elap@stratus.imgw.gdynia.pl
Institute of Oceanography, Gdansk University, al. Marsz. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
Abstract
The method was used to analyse measurements of water temperature, salinity, density, oxygen saturation and nutrient
concentrations (phosphate, nitrate and silicate) from station BMP L1 (P1) in the Gdansk Deep region obtained between
1979 and 1996.
All parameters revealed a pattern of regular cycles, the spectrum of the cycles being dependent on
the parameters and water layer.
As regards reconstruction and forecasting in the deterministic-stochastic model, statistically significant
correlation coefficients in the 0.57-0.97 range were obtained between the calculated and empirical data for all the
parameters examined. The correlation was poorest in the case of silicate.
Linear regression trends calculated in the deterministic-stochastic model were in relatively good agreement with those obtained using
Hirsch's non-parametric test.
Identification of selected siderophores in the Baltic Sea environment by the use of capillary electrophoresis
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 573-587
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
akosak@iopan.gda.pl
Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland;
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
Abstract
Communications
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 589-599
Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Arciszewskiego 22 B, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland;
roman@wsp.slupsk.pl
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
Abstract
< 480 nm). Modified statistical relationships between the relative concentration of photoprotecting pigments (ratio of photoprotecting pigments to total chlorophyll a concentration)
and the Potentially Destructive Radiation (PDR*) have therefore been elaborated. The latter is the quantity of irradiance from
the short-wave PAR range absorbed per chlorophyll a mass unit.
Response of a lidar-induced fluorescence signal to yellow substance absorption
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 601-608
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
drozd@iopan.gda.pl
Abstract
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 609-612
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Institute of Oceanography, Gdansk University, al. Marsz. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
anol@ocean.univ.gda.pl
Abstract
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 613-615
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Institute of Oceanography, Gdansk University, al. Marsz. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
anol@ocean.univ.gda.pl
Abstract
Dissertationss
Analysis of the influence of water components on the spectral characteristics of the upward light field in the Baltic
(review by Jerzy Olszewski)
Oceanologia 1999, no 41 (4), pp. 617-618
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powst. Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
darecki@iopan.gda.pl